# Washington Supreme Court and I-2066: What the Ruling Means for King and Snohomish County Homeowners, Ratepayers, and the Grid (Research Brief, October 2026)

The premise needs a correction. The Washington Supreme Court did strike down Initiative 2066, but nothing new "goes into effect" that forces anyone to give up natural gas. The ruling keeps in place laws and codes that were already on the books. Those laws mainly reshape new construction, utility planning, and gas subsidies. None of them requires existing homes or businesses to convert from gas to electric.

## TL;DR

- **Premise verified, with a correction.** On September 17, 2026, in *Climate Solutions v. State of Washington*, the Supreme Court ruled 6-3 that I-2066 is "unconstitutional in its entirety" under the single-subject rule. That restores HB 1589 (PSE's gas/electric planning law) and the state energy code's direction on new buildings. No statute, code, or UTC order requires existing homes to remove gas, and PSE says HB 1589 "does not include a ban on natural gas" and "does not change PSE's obligation to serve."
- **Cost pressure is the practical story, not a mandate.** PSE's rates rose about 12% (electric) and 9.4% (gas) for a typical home in 2025. Under UTC orders approved Dec. 23, 2025, they rose again on January 1, 2026, by 12.18% (electric, +$16.84/month) and 6.68% (gas, +$6.59/month). PSE's pending 2026 rate case would add about $28/month (electric) and $14/month (gas) in early 2027, then about $7 and $4 in 2028 and nearly $16 and $5 in 2029, if approved as filed (PSE 2026 GRC page). Seattle City Light has adopted 9.5% increases for both 2027 and 2028.
- **The grid question is real and still open.** The Pacific Northwest Utilities Conference Committee's 2026 forecast (August 2026 to July 2036) projects regional demand "could increase by approximately 30% over the next decade." PNUCC Executive Director Crystal Ball said the region "has shifted from a position of surplus electricity towards not having enough power at critical times," especially at winter peaks in low-water years. Data centers are the largest single driver; building electrification adds to winter peaks.

## Key Findings

| Finding | Status | Primary basis |
|---|---|---|
| WA Supreme Court struck I-2066 in full, 6-3, Sept. 17, 2026\[1\] | Well-supported | Court opinion (No. 104240-0) as reported by WA State Standard, Courthouse News, OPB, Olympic Herald |
| No legal mandate for existing homes to convert from gas\[2\] | Well-supported | PSE statements; HB 1589 text as described by PSE, Sightline, LWV |
| HB 1589 "functionally eliminates" the obligation to serve\[3\] | Contested | Claimed by Washington Policy Center; disputed by PSE |
| New construction is effectively all-electric\[4\] | Contested framing | BIAW calls it an "effective ban"; the energy code works through credits that favor heat pumps |
| PSE gas line extension allowance is $0 since Jan. 1, 2025\[5\] | Well-supported | UTC orders as summarized by Sightline (advocacy) |
| PSE 2027 to 2029 rate increases\[6\] | Proposed, not approved | PSE filing, UTC dockets UE-260005/UG-260006\[7\] |
| Regional load growth of about 30% in 10 years | Utility projection | PNUCC 2026 Northwest Regional Forecast\[8\] |

## Step 1: Premise Verification

### Timeline

| Date | Event | Source |
|---|---|---|
| March 2024 | Legislature passes HB 1589 (PSE integrated gas/electric planning, decarbonization).\[9\] Signed by Gov. Inslee | WA State Standard; PSE |
| July 24, 2024 | I-2066 certified for the ballot with 533,005 signatures (Wikipedia, citing the Secretary of State); the Washington Policy Center cites "more than 546,000" submitted\[3\]\[10\] | Secretary of State via Wikipedia; WPC |
| Nov. 5, 2024 | I-2066 passes with 1,941,474 yes (51.71%) to 1,813,169 no (48.29%), carrying 34 of 39 counties including Snohomish and Pierce\[4\]\[11\] | Olympic Herald; WA State Standard |
| Dec. 6, 2024 | BIAW sues to compel state compliance with I-2066\[10\] | Wikipedia summary |
| Dec. 11, 2024 | Climate Solutions, Washington Conservation Action, Front and Centered, King County, City of Seattle, and others sue in King County Superior Court\[12\]\[13\] | WA State Standard; MyNorthwest |
| Feb. 14, 2025 | Judge declines to compel the State Building Code Council to scrap the targeted codes\[4\] | WA State Standard |
| March 21, 2025 | Judge Sandra Widlan rules from the bench that I-2066 is unconstitutional on single-subject, subject-in-title, and "silent amendment" (Art. II, sec. 37) grounds; the written order followed (Olympic Herald dates the judgment May 2025)\[11\]\[14\] | WA State Standard; KUOW; Olympic Herald |
| Sept. 2025 | Supreme Court accepts direct review\[4\] | WA State Standard |
| Jan. 22, 2026 | Oral argument\[4\] | WA State Standard |
| Sept. 17, 2026 | Supreme Court affirms, 6-3, *Climate Solutions v. State of Washington*\[1\] | Court opinion; multiple outlets |

### What the Court held

- **Majority (6):** Chief Justice Debra Stephens wrote the opinion. Justices González, Montoya-Lewis, Whitener, and Melody joined, along with Justice Pro Tem Barbara Madsen. Justice Theodore Angelis did not participate (Olympic Herald).\[11\]
- **Holding:** I-2066 embraced "four constitutionally distinct subjects": (1) requirements to maintain gas access, (2) restrictions on local air-quality agencies, (3) changes to statewide building and energy codes, and (4) repeal of a severability clause in the Washington Decarbonization Act. The court found "it is not possible by judicial construction to sever and save any of the separate provisions and therefore I-2066 is unconstitutional in its entirety" (WA State Standard; OPB).\[4\]\[11\]\[15\]
- **Narrower than the trial court:** The court affirmed only on single-subject grounds. It did not reach subject-in-title or silent-amendment (Olympic Herald; KING 5).\[11\]\[16\]
- **Dissent (3):** Justice Salvador Mungia, joined by Justices Charles Johnson and Sheryl Gordon McCloud, would have struck sections 9, 10, 11 and subsection 12(5) and kept the rest. He wrote: "This court can uphold much of I-2066 as constitutional and should do so."\[11\]\[17\]

### What I-2066 would have done, and what therefore stays in place

According to the Olympic Herald's summary of the opinion and WA State Standard, I-2066 would have:
- Required gas companies and large combination utilities to keep serving gas to qualifying customers "even if other energy services or energy sources may be available."\[11\]\[18\]
- Barred the UTC from approving rate plans that end, restrict, or make gas service cost-prohibitive.\[4\]
- Barred the State Building Code Council from codes that "prohibit, penalize, or discourage" gas use.\[11\]
- Removed the statutory goal of zero fossil-fuel greenhouse gas emissions from new buildings by 2031.\[11\]
- Barred cities, counties, and local air agencies from discouraging gas.\[11\]
- Repealed parts of HB 1589.\[4\]

With I-2066 void, the following remain law or regain force:
1. **HB 1589 in full.** PSE describes it as "a planning bill." It requires an integrated system plan with an electrification cost scenario, which PSE says it will submit to the UTC in 2027.\[9\] Sightline (pro-electrification) notes it also requires PSE to evaluate alternatives to replacing or expanding gas pipe, including "geographically targeted electrification," and it allows accelerated depreciation of gas assets (WA State Standard voter guide).\[19\]\[20\] Section 8 bars PSE from offering rebates to residential customers to buy gas appliances. In 2025 PSE had resumed residential gas furnace and water heater rebates because I-2066 had repealed that section (PSE 2025 Annual Conservation Plan).\[21\] *Inference, verify with PSE:* the Section 8 restriction should now apply again.
2. **The energy code's statutory direction toward zero-emission new construction by 2031,** plus the current code's permitting credits that favor heat pumps over gas furnaces (WA State Standard).\[4\] One reported data point: the State Building Code Council kept the existing codes in place while the appeal was pending (homeenergybasics.com, a secondary consumer site; re-verify).\[22\]
3. **Local authority** for cities, counties, and air agencies to adopt measures that discourage gas, within state law.\[1\]

**One discrepancy to flag.** The WA State Standard wrote that I-2066 "never took effect."\[4\] But PSE's 2025 conservation plan treated its repeal of HB 1589 Section 8 as operative, and BIAW sued in December 2024 to force compliance.\[10\]\[21\] In practice the measure had partial, contested effect between December 2024 and the 2025 trial court ruling.

### Is there a mandate that existing homes convert? No.

- PSE: "There is **no requirement for current natural gas customers** to convert their appliances to electric," and HB 1589 "does not include a ban on natural gas, and it does not change PSE's obligation to serve" (PSE fact pages, Nov. 2024).\[2\]
- League of Women Voters of Washington: "HB 1589 does not affect adding or providing natural gas to existing homes."\[23\]
- **The contested view:** The Washington Policy Center (free-market think tank, pro-I-2066) argued that HB 1589 "functionally eliminates" PSE's obligation to serve. It pointed to statutory language on "transition of a portion of gas customers... with an intent to electrify loads."\[3\] The pro-I-2066 campaign told voters it would prevent being "forced to convert your home to all electric appliances at an average cost of $40,000" (campaign statement quoted by iVoterGuide).\[24\] That figure is a campaign estimate, not measured data.
- **Bottom line for listeners:** Any neighborhood-scale, utility-led electrification under HB 1589 would have to go through PSE's 2027 integrated system plan and UTC review. PSE says that involves "an extensive examination and public process with multiple opportunities for customers... before anything happens."\[2\] Nothing in the record requires an existing homeowner to remove a gas furnace, range, or water heater.

### What is effectively restricted

- **New construction:** The energy code makes gas space and water heat harder and costlier in new buildings through its credit structure, but it does not prohibit gas. BIAW's Greg Lane said after the ruling that "fundamentally there is still the effective ban on natural gas on all new commercial and residential construction" (WA State Standard).\[4\] That is an industry characterization.
- **Gas hookup subsidies:** The UTC required PSE and Avista to eliminate gas line extension allowances by Jan. 1, 2025. PSE's allowance was $1,997 per connection in 2022 and is now $0, so new gas customers pay the full connection cost (Sightline, an advocacy group, summarizing UTC orders).\[25\] I-2066 did not change this, and it was not at issue in the case.

### Pending challenges and next steps

- **Appeals:** None are available in state court. Lane told The Center Square that state law allows no appeal and told the WA State Standard "This is the end of the line."\[4\]\[26\]
- **Possible narrower measures:** Axios reports observers are watching whether BIAW and allies pursue narrower efforts against energy-efficiency rules.\[27\] No such filing was confirmed as of this research.
- **Broader legal spillover (speculative):** Lane and the Washington Policy Center argue the ruling sets a stricter single-subject standard that could affect other laws, including the new state income tax. Pacifica Law Group's Kai Smith disagreed.\[4\]\[28\] Treat this as speculation.
- **Political framing:** Sen. Jim Walsh (R) alleged the opinion "was ready months ago" and was timed around the 2026 election, citing unnamed "sources."\[29\] That claim is unverified and single-sourced.

## Step 2: Natural Gas Customer Data

| Metric | Figure | Source | Confidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| PSE gas customers | "nearly 900,000" in 10 counties | UTC (Dec. 2025); PSE 2026 GRC page\[7\]\[30\] | High |
| PSE electric customers | "around 1.2 million"\[31\] | UTC\[30\] | High |
| PSE total customers (overlap counted once) | "1.7 million"\[7\] | PSE 2026 GRC page\[7\] | High |
| WA households heating primarily with electricity | 59.7% (US: 41.7%) | EIA State Energy Profile, 2023 data\[32\] | High |
| WA households heating primarily with natural gas | 32.5% (US: 46.0%) | EIA, 2023\[32\] | High |
| WA households heating with fuel oil | 1.2% | EIA, 2023\[32\] | High |
| King County households heating with gas | about 43% | King County consumption-based GHG inventory (2022, modeled)\[33\] | Medium |
| King County households heating with electricity | about 51% | Same\[33\] | Medium |
| Average King County household gas use | 299 therms/yr | Same (modeled)\[33\] | Medium |
| PSE residential gas use trend | down 7% (residential) and 3% (commercial) in 2023\[23\] | PSE Feb. 2024 press release\[34\] | Medium (utility-reported) |

**Gaps to re-pull before recording:** the statewide count of residential and commercial gas customers (EIA Natural Gas Annual, "number of consumers"), the Snohomish County heating-fuel split (Census ACS table B25040), and PSE gas customers by county (PSE annual report or FERC Form 2).

**How many will "need" to convert?** No official filing yet sets a number or timeline of customers who must convert. PSE's first HB 1589 integrated system plan, including the electrification scenario, is due in 2027 (PSE).\[9\] One related data point: in its January 2025 order the UTC declined PSE's $22 million second phase of a targeted electrification pilot, citing the unsettled effect of I-2066 (Seattle Times).\[35\] In March 2025 the UTC reconsidered and approved electrification programs (UTC news release headline).\[36\] Any conversion numbers before 2027 are speculative.

## Step 3: Operating Costs and Retrofit Costs

### Illustrative annual space-heating cost (show-your-work estimate, not measured data)

**Assumptions:**
- A gas-heated home burns 550 therms/year for space heat in a 95% efficient furnace, delivering about 15,300 kWh of useful heat.
- An electric resistance system needs about 15,300 kWh for the same heat.
- A heat pump at a seasonal COP of 2.8 (plausible for the mild marine climate; cold-climate units vary) needs about 5,470 kWh.

**Prices used:**
- **PSE gas:** about $1.43/therm volumetric. Derived from the UTC customer notice: a $105.34 bill at 64 therms, effective Jan. 1, 2026, minus the $14.00 basic charge.\[37\] This includes CCA costs.
- **PSE electric:** about $0.18/kWh all-in average. Derived from the typical 800 kWh bill of about $129.83 after the 2026 GRC step plus the $16.84 January 2026 adjustments (UTC). This average overstates the marginal rate somewhat.
- **Seattle City Light:** about $0.141/kWh, as cited by WattFax from EIA and city data.\[38\] This is a secondary source; re-pull SCL's residential schedule.
- **Snohomish PUD:** $0.1061/kWh residential energy charge as of April 1, 2026 (Everett Herald, reporting PUD rates).\[39\] The base charge is excluded.

| Utility pairing | Gas furnace | Electric resistance | Heat pump |
|---|---|---|---|
| PSE gas + PSE electric | about $790 | about $2,750 | about $985 |
| PSE gas + Seattle City Light | about $790 | about $2,160 | about $770 |
| PSE gas + Snohomish PUD | about $790 | about $1,620 | about $580 |

**What this shows:**
- At current rates, a heat pump costs roughly the same to run as a gas furnace for a PSE dual-fuel customer. It is cheaper than gas in Snohomish PUD and Seattle City Light territory.
- Electric resistance (baseboards, electric furnaces) is the most expensive option everywhere.\[40\]
- A household that leaves gas entirely also stops paying PSE's $14/month gas basic charge, about $168/year.\[37\]

**Forward-looking caveat:** PSE's pending filing would raise residential electric rates more than gas in 2027 (16.75% vs. 13.32%).\[7\] Seattle City Light's 9.5% annual increases\[41\] would also narrow heat pump savings. These relationships will shift.

### Retrofit cost ranges (low confidence: contractor marketing sites, not independent studies)

| Item | Range reported | Source (type) |
|---|---|---|
| Ducted heat pump, Seattle | median $17,000; typical $10,000 to $20,000 (113 WA quotes) | WattFax (crowdsourced quotes)\[38\] |
| Heat pump, Seattle | $7,580 to $15,196 itemized; $9,800 to $18,300 headline | heatpumppricing.com (estimator)\[42\] |
| HVAC replacement, Seattle | average $8,333; $5,555 to $13,888 | Angi (contractor marketplace)\[43\] |
| Cold-climate ducted heat pump | $12,000 to $20,000 | Eco Services WA (installer)\[40\] |
| Panel/service upgrade, 100A to 200A, Seattle | $8,000 to $16,000; like-for-like 200A swap $4,000 to $9,000 | Eco Services WA (installer)\[44\] |
| Dedicated 240V circuit or minor panel work | $300 to $2,000+ | Angi\[43\] |
| Gas furnace removal, line cap, vent | $200 to $1,000 | PickComfort (national, generic)\[45\] |
| Full conversion claim | "average cost of $40,000"\[24\] | Pro-I-2066 campaign (advocacy) |

Panel upgrade estimates vary the most. Seattle runs its own electrical permitting through SDCI, and Seattle City Light coordinates service cut-overs,\[44\] which can add cost. Before quoting a whole-home number on air, get independent estimates (NEEA, Washington Commerce, E3, or RMI). No independent Washington-specific whole-home conversion cost study was found in this research.

### Incentives as of October 2026

- **Federal 25C tax credit:** expired for equipment placed in service after Dec. 31, 2025, under the federal budget law signed July 4, 2025\[46\]\[47\] (multiple secondary sources agree; confirm against IRS guidance).
- **HEAR/HOMES in Washington:** Washington Commerce's state HEAR page says Commerce "recently awarded $39,323,876" in Climate Commitment Act funds to "40 local third-party administrators" that offer rebates to low- and moderate-income households. The state's CCA-funded HEAR program is therefore active through local administrators. The federal IRA HOMES and HEAR rebates had no launch date as of August 2026, according to homeenergybasics.com, a secondary site citing DOE's revised June 1, 2026 guidelines.
- **PSE:** $1,500 for converting electric resistance heat to a qualifying heat pump. Gas-to-heat-pump rebates are reported at $4,000 for income-qualified customers only (contractor sites citing PSE; verify on pse.com).\[46\]\[48\]
- **Seattle Clean Heat (oil only):** $2,000 at any income, up to $6,000 for moderate income,\[49\] for installations by Sept. 30, 2026 (secondary).\[22\] May have expired.

## Step 4: Puget Sound Energy

### CETA requirements (statute) and PSE status

- **Coal:** CETA requires coal-free electricity by the end of 2025. PSE says "As of Jan 1, 2026, PSE no longer serves our customers with coal-fired electricity" (PSE electric supply page).\[31\] The UTC approved removing Colstrip costs from rates, a $3.04/month reduction for a typical customer (UTC, Dec. 2025).\[30\]
- **2030:** Electricity must be greenhouse-gas neutral, with at least 80% from renewable or non-emitting sources; up to 20% may be met through alternative compliance (KUOW; PSE).\[7\]\[50\]
- **2030 compliance is disputed.** Earthjustice (environmental law group) says PSE plans only about 66% clean power in 2030 (KUOW).\[50\] PSE says its 11 new projects "help close the gap but do not completely meet state requirements" (PSE 2026 GRC page).\[7\] PSE's 2024 filing said it must acquire "approximately 6,700 MW" of new renewable and non-emitting resources by 2030, which "effectively doubles PSE's current owned and contracted generating capacity" (PSE press release, Feb. 2024).\[34\]
- **2045:** 100% clean or non-emitting electricity.

### PSE electric fuel mix (power delivered in 2024, PSE disclosure)

| Coal | Natural gas | Hydro | Wind | Other | Nuclear | Solar | Unspecified |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 18% | 32% | 28% | 20% | 1% | <1% | <1% | <1%\[31\] |

The 2024 coal share will drop to zero in the 2026 disclosure. Natural gas generation is PSE's largest source and is set to grow: PSE plans to convert the shuttered TransAlta Centralia coal plant to gas through 2045, and environmental groups oppose this (KUOW).\[50\] KUOW also reports the Trump administration has issued orders keeping the Centralia coal plant available; the status of those orders should be re-checked.

### PSE rate history (typical residential)

| Effective | Electric | Gas | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 baseline | $109.44/mo | $79.81/mo\[51\] | BIAW (advocacy), citing UTC data |
| Jan./Feb. 2025 (GRC year 1) | +$13.08 (12%) to $122.16; revenue +$326.6M (11.5%) | +$7.56 (9.4%) to $88.21; revenue +$109.8M (10.6%)\[52\] | UTC, Jan. 15, 2025 |
| Jan. 2026 (GRC year 2) | +$7.67 (6.3%) to $129.83; revenue +$203.3M (6.4%) | +$1.65 (1.9%) to $89.86; revenue +$21.1M (1.8%)\[52\] | UTC |
| Jan. 1, 2026 (power cost, CCA, other trackers) | net +$16.84 (12.18%) | net +$6.59 (6.68%)\[30\] | UTC, Dec. 23, 2025 orders\[30\] |
| 2027 RY1 (proposed) | about +$28/mo; residential +16.75%;\[7\] revenue +$625.3M (15.15%) | about +$14/mo; residential +13.32%;\[7\] revenue +$191.8M (14.16%)\[7\]\[53\] | PSE; UTC Order 03 |
| 2028 RY2 (proposed) | about +$7;\[7\] revenue +3.74% | about +$4;\[7\] revenue +3.16%\[6\]\[7\] | Same |
| 2029 RY3 (proposed) | about +$16;\[7\] revenue +8.70% | about +$5;\[7\] revenue +3.64%\[6\]\[7\] | Same |

**Context for the table:**
- **2025 order:** The UTC raised PSE's authorized return on equity from 9.4% to 9.8% (2025) and 9.9% (2026). In March 2025 it denied PSE's petition for an additional $215 million over two years (UTC).\[36\]\[52\]
- **January 2026 power costs:** The UTC said PSE's energy unit costs rose 59% between 2025 and 2026.\[30\] The CCA no-cost allowance credit offset $10.08/month on electric bills.\[30\]
- **2026 rate case (pending):** PSE asks for a 10.8% return on equity; the Attorney General's Office recommends 8.2% (KUOW). A decision is expected in January 2027. KUOW totals the request at about $1.5 billion over three years, or an extra $612/year for a typical electric customer and $276/year for a typical gas customer by 2029.\[50\] All figures in these rows are proposals, not approved rates.
- **Gap:** 2020 to 2023 PSE rate history (the 2022 GRC settlement and the 2023-2024 multiyear plan) was not pulled in this research. Re-pull it from UTC dockets UE-220066/UG-220067.

### Resource acquisition (PSE 2026 GRC filing, as described by PSE)

- More than $3.2 billion in gas and electric system capital over three years: about 70% electric, 30% gas.\[7\]
- More than $3.6 billion in new generation capital, including 11 utility-scale wind, solar, and battery projects, "located primarily in Washington and Montana," plus "batteries, gas turbines and gas generation" for capacity.\[7\]
- $529 million in expiring federal tax credits, plus $190 million in tax credit benefits from the completed Beaver Creek Wind Facility (Montana).\[7\]

## Step 5: Climate Commitment Act (Cap-and-Invest) Effects

### Effects on home energy bills

- **Gas bills:** PSE gas customers have paid CCA compliance costs since Oct. 1, 2023. The UTC originally ordered the charge folded into "Other natural gas charges and credits" rather than shown separately. After the UTC ordered itemization, PSE said the charge would appear as a distinct "CCA Customer Charge" line by June 6, 2026. Low-income customers receive a credit for the full charge, and others may get a partial "CCA Customer Benefit" (PSE CCA page via search; The Center Square).\[54\]\[55\] The January 2026 CCA update added $5.24/month (5.31%) for a typical 64-therm gas customer (UTC).\[30\]\[37\]
- **Electric bills:** Electric utilities receive no-cost allowances. The UTC said these "do not cover all the allowances utilities must purchase." For January 2026, the no-cost allowance revenue credit reduced a typical PSE electric bill by $10.08/month (UTC).\[30\]

### Auction prices and revenue (Washington Department of Ecology)

| Auction | Current vintage settlement |
|---|---|
| Sept. 2025 (#11) | $64.30\[56\] |
| Dec. 2025 (#12) | $70.86 (program high)\[57\]\[58\] |
| March 2026 (#13) | $65.26 (APCR Tier 1 trigger)\[59\] |
| June 2026 (#14) | $64.56\[60\]\[61\] |
| Sept. 2026 (#15) | $39.50\[62\] |

- State proceeds totaled $3.483 billion from January 2023 through the September 2025 auction (Ecology).\[56\] The June 2026 auction raised $317.6 million from current-vintage allowances (Ecology Public Proceeds Report).\[63\]
- Proceeds from utility-consigned allowances "must be used for the benefit of" ratepayers (Ecology).\[63\]
- **Linkage with California-Québec:** The September 2026 price fell $25.06 after Washington, California, and Québec signed a joint linkage agreement (EDF blog, which supports the program).\[62\] Ecology and University of California studies project linkage would align Washington prices with the "lower and more stable" joint market (Wikipedia summary).\[58\] Lower allowance prices would, all else equal, reduce CCA costs on gas bills. That is a projection.
- **I-2117:** Voters rejected the November 2024 initiative to repeal the CCA, 2,340,077 No (61.95%) to 1,437,103 Yes (38.05%), according to certified Secretary of State results. The program remains law.
- **Gasoline (brief context):** Washington Policy Center estimates CCA effects of up to about 50 cents per gallon (The Center Square).\[55\]\[64\] That is an advocacy estimate.

## Step 6: Utilities Serving King and Snohomish Counties

| Utility | Type / regulator | Customers | Fuel mix (latest) | BPA reliance | Recent rates | Ahead |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Puget Sound Energy | Investor-owned; UTC sets rates | about 1.2M electric, about 900k gas\[30\] | 2024: gas 32%, hydro 28%, wind 20%, coal 18%\[31\] (coal ended 2026)\[31\] | Some purchases; mostly owned/contracted resources | Large increases in 2025 and 2026 (see Step 4) | 2027 to 2029 request pending\[7\] |
| Seattle City Light | Municipal; City Council sets rates | 525,040 (472,309 residential), 2025 avg.\[65\] | 2024: hydro 77%, wind 11%, nuclear 6%, unspecified 5%, biogas 1%\[65\] | "approximately 45-50%" historically\[66\] | 2022 +3.9% (net about 2.1%); 2023 +6% (secondary); 2024 +4.5% plus 4% surcharge;\[67\] 2025 +5.4%; 2026 +5.4%\[65\]\[68\]\[69\]\[70\]\[71\]\[72\]\[73\] | +9.5% in 2027 and +9.5% in 2028, about $10/mo each\[41\]\[74\]\[75\]\[76\] |
| Snohomish County PUD No. 1 | Public utility district; elected commission | 385,170 (349,916 residential), 2025\[77\] | 2024: hydro 66.6%, nuclear 11.2%, unspecified 10.3%, wind 9.1%, solar 2.2%, biomass 0.6%\[78\] | BPA 74.9% of 2025 retail power resources\[77\] | 2023 +2% (secondary); 2024 +5.8% (secondary); April 2025 +4.6% (secondary); April 2026 +2.5% (about $3.22/mo;\[79\] energy charge 10.26 to 10.61 cents/kWh)\[39\]\[80\]\[81\]\[82\]\[83\] | No 2027 increase announced; budget typically set in December |
| Tacoma Power, Enumclaw (municipal gas), Town of Skykomish, Cascade Natural Gas, NW Natural | Not profiled in depth here | | | | | Re-pull |

**Source notes for the table:**
- Seattle City Light: Fingertip Facts (June 2026), Powerlines posts, and the July 2026 rate ordinance.
- Snohomish PUD: SnoPUD Quick Facts and Clean Energy pages, Dec. 2025 Commission release, Lynnwood Times, Fox13, KIRO7.
- Seattle City Light long-range projection: The Center Square reports SCL projections showing a typical homeowner's $124 bill rising 85.5% by 2032.\[75\] That is a projection from the utility's strategic plan, not an adopted rate.
- Smaller utilities: The City of Enumclaw operates its own gas system (it appears on the UTC pipeline safety inspection list).\[30\] NW Natural mainly serves southwest Washington, not King or Snohomish. Confirm current service territories before recording.

**How public utilities differ from PSE:**
- PSE's rates are set by the UTC in trial-like proceedings and include an authorized return to shareholders (9.9% ROE in 2026).\[50\]\[52\]
- Seattle City Light and Snohomish PUD are not-for-profit.\[84\] Their rates are set by the City Council or an elected commission.\[68\]\[75\]
- All three are subject to CETA.
- Both public utilities lean heavily on low-carbon BPA hydro and nuclear, so their CCA and CETA compliance exposure is smaller than PSE's gas-heavy portfolio.

**BPA trends:**
- BPA's BP-26 rates (Oct. 1, 2025 through Sept. 30, 2028) raised the Priority Firm Tier 1 power rate by an average 8.9%\[85\] and transmission by an average 19.9% (BPA, July 24, 2025).\[86\]
- New 16-to-20-year "Provider of Choice" contracts begin Oct. 1, 2028.\[87\]\[88\] Seattle City Light signed a Slice contract it describes as 16 years. Snohomish PUD is listed as a Load Following customer (BPA customer products list, April 2026). BPA's list labels these "19 year" contracts, so the term lengths conflict and should be re-verified.\[66\]\[89\]
- New load above each utility's Contract High Water Mark must come from higher-cost sources.\[90\] That is a structural reason public power rates could rise faster after 2028 (inference).

## Step 7: Grid Capacity and Infrastructure

- **Load growth:**
  - PNUCC's 2026 Northwest Regional Forecast (August 2026 to July 2036) projects regional demand "could increase by approximately 30% over the next decade." It finds the "timing and magnitude" of new resources "not keeping pace with the need" (American Public Power Association summary).\[8\] It shows "annual energy surpluses in the near term and growing deficits in the out years" and warns of shortfall risk during severe winter weather in low-water years (Clearing Up).\[91\]
  - The Northwest Power and Conservation Council's forecast puts average annual peak load growth at "1.9% to 3.0%" across scenarios. The Council expects the bulk of near-term demand growth to come from data centers and chip fabs (NWPCC, via an Oregon Department of Energy presentation and the Council's January 2026 release).\[92\]\[93\]
- **Drivers:** Data centers (the dominant driver, per the Council), building electrification, EVs, industrial growth, and population. Building electrification mostly raises winter peaks, which the Northwest system already finds hardest to meet.
- **January 2024 cold snap:**
  - On Jan. 13, 2024, an outage at the Jackson Prairie underground gas storage facility led PSE to ask customers to conserve gas and electricity. The facility is co-owned by PSE and is designed to meet up to 25% of regional peak winter gas demand (Seattle Times).\[94\]
  - PSE hit record demand for both gas and electricity on Jan. 19, 2024 (Cascadia Daily News).\[95\]
  - Powerex, BC Hydro's marketing subsidiary and a market participant, found Northwest demand was 2% to 6% higher than in the December 2022 cold event under comparable temperatures, with large import volumes needed.\[96\]
- **Heat pumps in cold snaps:** Cold-climate units are rated for substantial output at low temperatures, but efficiency falls as temperatures drop, and many systems switch to resistance backup strips. That pushes winter peak demand up just as gas demand also peaks. This is general engineering knowledge, and no Washington-specific peak-impact study was pulled here. Re-pull the NWPCC or NEEA analysis.
- **Transmission and interconnection:** KUOW reported in July 2026 that a "clean-energy bottleneck" in Washington has prompted calls for reform.\[50\] PSE is seeking deferred accounting for "Mandatory Transmission Network Upgrades" (UTC docket 260005).\[97\] Specific BPA project miles, MW, dollar totals, WRAP and NERC assessments were not gathered in this research and should be re-pulled.

## Step 8: Where the Power Comes From

| Washington, 2025 in-state utility-scale generation | Share |
|---|---|
| Hydro | 63.2%\[98\] |
| Natural gas | 15.8%\[98\] |
| Wind | 8.3%\[98\] |
| Nuclear (Columbia Generating Station) | 7.5%\[98\] |
| Coal (Centralia) | 3.1%\[98\] |
| Biomass | 1.1%\[98\] |

Source: EIA data as compiled by Wikipedia. Re-pull the EIA Electricity Data Browser.

**What Washington customers actually consumed (2022, Commerce fuel mix disclosure):** hydro 53.84%, unspecified market power 12.90%, natural gas 10.40%, coal 8.60%, wind 8.09%, nuclear 4.26%.\[99\] Consumption differs from in-state generation because of imports, exports, and contracts such as PSE's former Colstrip share in Montana. **Hydro variability:** PNUCC flags low-water years combined with winter cold as the core adequacy risk.\[91\] PSE's 59% jump in energy unit costs from 2025 to 2026 (UTC)\[30\] shows how much market and power-cost swings can move bills.

## Step 9: What It Means for Ratepayers, Homeowners, and Real Estate

### Bill outlook for a typical King/Snohomish household (projected)

- **PSE dual-fuel household:** a typical bill of about $147/month electric and about $105/month gas in 2026. If the 2026 GRC is approved as filed, that would add about $51/month (electric) and $23/month (gas) by 2029.\[7\]\[50\] These are proposals; the UTC has historically approved less than requested.
- **Seattle City Light electric with PSE gas:** about $10/month more in 2027 and another $10 in 2028 on the electric side,\[41\]\[74\] plus any PSE gas increase.
- **Snohomish PUD electric with PSE gas:** modest recent PUD increases (2.5% in 2026).\[79\]\[80\] Watch BPA cost pass-throughs after 2028.\[79\]

### Gas system cost spiral and stranded asset risk (contested, forward-looking)

PSE's gas usage is declining (down 7% residential in 2023), line extension subsidies have ended,\[5\]\[34\] and HB 1589 allows accelerated depreciation.\[19\]\[23\] Together, these mean fixed gas system costs are increasingly spread over fewer therms and customers. HB 1589's accelerated depreciation recovers gas pipe costs from today's customers faster, which raises near-term gas rates but reduces the risk that a smaller future customer base is left holding the costs. Supporters (Sightline, environmental groups) see this as protecting remaining customers.\[5\] Critics (Washington Policy Center, BIAW) see it as using rates to push customers off gas. The UTC's 2027 review of PSE's integrated system plan is the key decision point.

### Real estate implications (factual only)

- **New construction:** Builders face full cost for new gas connections (no PSE line extension allowance since 2025)\[5\]\[25\] and an energy code that favors heat pumps. BIAW calls this an effective ban; supporters call it a code incentive structure. BIAW also says about 12% of PSE electric bills and 11% of gas bills go to investor returns (BIAW, advocacy, Sept. 2026).\[51\] No itemized BIAW per-home cost estimate was verified in this research. Re-pull before citing a dollar figure.
- **Existing homes:** Gas service, appliances, and repairs remain legal. Buyers and appraisers may weigh future gas rate trends, the presence of air conditioning (heat pumps provide cooling), and electrical panel capacity. No verified local data on value differences between gas and all-electric homes was found. Do not cite a premium or discount without a study.
- **Agents' talking point:** Disclose fuel type, panel amperage, and equipment age. These drive conversion cost far more than any current legal requirement does.

### Steelman: both perspectives, attributed

- **Electrification lowers long-term costs and emissions:**
  - Climate Solutions, Washington Conservation Action, and Sierra Club say the ruling "put us back on track to reap the benefits of cheaper, cleaner renewable energy."\[4\]
  - The cost math above shows heat pumps already beat gas on operating cost in public-power territory.
  - Heat pumps add cooling.
  - Ending gas expansion avoids stranding future pipe costs on remaining customers (Sightline).\[5\]
- **Electrification raises costs and strains reliability:**
  - BIAW, the Washington Hospitality Association, and Let's Go Washington say the ruling "has now taken that choice away."\[15\]\[100\]
  - Electric rates are rising faster than gas in PSE's pending filing (16.75% vs. 13.32% residential in 2027).\[7\]
  - Conversions can require costly panel upgrades.\[43\]\[44\]
  - PNUCC warns regional resources are not keeping pace with winter peak demand.\[91\]
  - The Washington Hospitality Association says the "cost and feasibility of converting commercial kitchens" remains unresolved (The Center Square).\[26\]

## Caveats

- Several numbers come from secondary consumer or contractor sites (retrofit costs, incentive status, Seattle City Light's per-kWh rate). They are labeled as such.
- The operating-cost table is an illustrative calculation using average-bill-derived prices and stated assumptions. It is not a measured comparison.
- Advocacy-aligned sources include BIAW, the Washington Policy Center, Sightline, Sierra Club, EDF, Earthjustice, Climate Solutions, the I-2066 campaigns, and Powerex (a market participant). They are attributed wherever used.
- All 2027 and later rate figures are proposals or projections.

## Fact-Verification Ledger

| # | Claim | Source(s) | Confidence | Attribution risk / re-pull |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Supreme Court struck I-2066 in full, 6-3, Sept. 17, 2026, single-subject only\[11\] | Opinion No. 104240-0; WA State Standard; Olympic Herald; OPB; KING 5 | High | Low; quote the opinion PDF directly |
| 2 | Majority by Stephens; dissent by Mungia with Johnson and Gordon McCloud; Angelis not participating\[11\] | Olympic Herald; WA State Standard | High | Low |
| 3 | I-2066 vote 1,941,474 (51.71%) to 1,813,169\[11\] | Olympic Herald; Wikipedia (citing SOS) | High | Re-pull SOS certified results |
| 4 | No mandate for existing homes to convert\[2\] | PSE fact pages; LWV | High | PSE is an interested party; check RCW text of HB 1589 |
| 5 | HB 1589 "functionally eliminates" obligation to serve\[3\] | Washington Policy Center | Low (contested) | Advocacy |
| 6 | Trial court ruling March 21, 2025 (oral), order May 2025\[11\]\[14\] | WA State Standard; KUOW; Olympic Herald | Medium | Dates differ by source; confirm docket |
| 7 | PSE line extension allowance $0 since Jan. 1, 2025 | Sightline summarizing UTC\[5\] | Medium | Advocacy source; re-pull PSE gas tariff Schedule 7/Rule 16 |
| 8 | PSE about 1.2M electric and about 900k gas customers | UTC; PSE; KUOW\[30\]\[50\] | High | Low |
| 9 | WA heating: 59.7% electric, 32.5% gas | EIA (2023)\[32\] | High | Low |
| 10 | King County: about 43% gas, about 51% electric heat | King County 2022 inventory\[33\] | Medium | Modeled; re-pull ACS B25040 for King and Snohomish |
| 11 | PSE 2025: electric +12% ($13.08), gas +9.4% ($7.56); ROE 9.8% then 9.9%\[52\] | UTC news release | High | Low |
| 12 | PSE Jan. 2026: electric +12.18% ($16.84), gas +6.68% ($6.59); energy unit costs +59%\[30\] | UTC, Dec. 2025\[30\] | High | Low |
| 13 | PSE 2026 GRC request: RY1 electric +15.15%, gas +14.16%, typical bills +$28/+$14\[7\]\[53\] | PSE; UTC Order 03 | High (as a request) | It is a proposal; decision expected Jan. 2027 |
| 14 | PSE seeks 10.8% ROE; AG proposes 8.2%\[50\] | KUOW\[50\] | Medium | Single-sourced; confirm in AG testimony |
| 15 | PSE 2024 fuel mix (coal 18, gas 32, hydro 28, wind 20)\[31\] | PSE disclosure\[31\] | High | Utility self-report; cross-check Commerce |
| 16 | PSE coal-free as of Jan. 1, 2026 | PSE\[31\] | Medium | Utility self-report |
| 17 | PSE needs about 6,700 MW new resources by 2030 | PSE press release, Feb. 2024\[34\] | Medium | Utility estimate, may be updated in CEIP |
| 18 | PSE plans only about 66% clean in 2030 | Earthjustice via KUOW\[50\] | Low | Advocacy |
| 19 | CCA auction prices $64.30, $70.86, $65.26, $64.56, $39.50 | Ecology; EDF\[56\]\[57\]\[59\]\[61\]\[62\] | High | EDF is advocacy; prices match Ecology reports |
| 20 | $3.483B state CCA proceeds through Sept. 2025 | Ecology\[56\] | High | Update with 2026 totals |
| 21 | CCA added $5.24/mo to typical PSE gas bill (Jan. 2026); $10.08/mo electric credit | UTC\[30\] | High | Low |
| 22 | I-2117 rejected 61.95% (2,340,077 No) to 38.05% (1,437,103 Yes) | WA Secretary of State certified results | High | Low |
| 23 | SCL 9.5% in 2027 and 2028, about $10/mo each\[41\]\[76\] | SCL Powerlines; Mayor's office; The Center Square\[74\]\[75\] | High | Low |
| 24 | SCL 85.5% increase by 2032 for homeowners | The Center Square citing SCL plan\[75\] | Medium | Projection |
| 25 | SnoPUD 2.5% increase April 2026 (about $3.22/mo)\[80\] | SnoPUD release; Everett Herald | High | Low |
| 26 | SnoPUD 4.6% increase April 2025\[83\] | Lynnwood Times | Medium | Re-pull SnoPUD resolution |
| 27 | SnoPUD 385,170 customers; BPA 74.9% of 2025 resources\[77\] | SnoPUD Quick Facts | High | Low |
| 28 | SCL 525,040 customers; hydro 77%\[65\] | SCL Fingertip Facts | High | Low |
| 29 | BPA BP-26: power +8.9%,\[85\] transmission +19.9%\[101\] | BPA, July 24, 2025 | High | Low |
| 30 | Provider of Choice: SCL Slice (16 yrs), SnoPUD Load Following\[66\]\[89\] | BPA list; SCL Powerlines | Medium | Contract term discrepancy (16 vs. 19 years) |
| 31 | Regional demand up about 30% in 10 years | PNUCC 2026 via APPA; Clearing Up\[8\]\[91\] | High (as a forecast) | Utility forecast, not measured |
| 32 | Peak load growth 1.9% to 3.0% per year | NWPCC via Oregon DOE\[92\] | Medium | Re-pull Council source document |
| 33 | PSE record gas and electric demand Jan. 19, 2024; Jackson Prairie outage Jan. 13 | Cascadia Daily; Seattle Times\[94\]\[95\] | High | Low |
| 34 | WA 2025 generation: hydro 63.2%, gas 15.8%, wind 8.3%, nuclear 7.5%, coal 3.1% | Wikipedia citing EIA\[98\] | Medium | Re-pull EIA directly |
| 35 | Heat pump installed $10,000 to $20,000 (median $17,000) | WattFax quotes\[38\] | Low | Crowdsourced and commercial; seek NEEA or Commerce data |
| 36 | Panel upgrade 100A to 200A $8,000 to $16,000 (Seattle) | Eco Services WA\[44\] | Low | Installer marketing; wide variance |
| 37 | "$40,000 average" full conversion\[24\] | Pro-I-2066 campaign | Low | Campaign claim |
| 38 | 25C credit expired Dec. 31, 2025 | Multiple secondary sites\[46\]\[47\]\[102\] | Medium | Confirm with IRS |
| 39 | WA HEAR status: state CCA-funded HEAR active via 40 local administrators ($39,323,876 awarded); federal HOMES/HEAR not launched as of Aug. 2026 | WA Commerce HEAR page; homeenergybasics.com | Medium | Federal status from a secondary site |
| 40 | Illustrative heating costs (gas about $790; HP $580 to $985) | Author calculation from UTC, SnoPUD, WattFax prices | Medium | Estimate; state assumptions on air |

**Re-pull before recording:**
- WA Supreme Court opinion PDF (No. 104240-0) for exact quotes.
- Census ACS heating fuel for Snohomish County.
- EIA count of Washington gas consumers.
- PSE 2020 to 2023 rate history.
- Washington Commerce HEAR/HOMES status.
- Any independent conversion cost study (NEEA, E3, RMI).
- Tacoma Power and Enumclaw profiles.
- WRAP and NERC winter reliability assessments.
- BPA transmission buildout figures.
- Any BIAW per-home code cost estimate.
- The UTC's January 2027 decision on PSE's rate case, if recording after that date.

## Sources

1. [Washington Supreme Court strikes down Initiative 2066 - right to choose natural gas appliances](https://www.khq.com/news/washington-supreme-court-strikes-down-initiative-2066---right-to-choose-natural-gas-appliances/article_b39fb14f-c375-41cc-a723-a381c144b6eb.html)
2. [Puget Sound Energy](https://www.pse.com/en/press-release/details/Facts-about-Initiative-2066-for-PSE-natural-gas-customers)
3. [Citizens’ Guide to Initiative 2066 to repeal laws and regulations that discourage natural gas use and would require current natural gas customers to switch to electric heating](https://www.washingtonpolicy.org/publications/detail/citizens-guide-to-initiative-2066-to-repeal-laws-and-regulations-that-discourage-natural-gas-use-and-would-require-current-natural-gas-customers-to-switch-to-electric-heating)
4. [WA high court tosses natural gas measure approved by voters • Washington State Standard](https://washingtonstatestandard.com/2026/09/17/wa-high-court-tosses-natural-gas-measure-approved-by-voters/)
5. [Ending Subsidies for New Gas Hook-Ups Can Save Cascadians Millions](https://www.sightline.org/2025/02/11/ending-subsidies-for-new-gas-hook-ups-can-save-cascadians-millions/)
6. [Service Date: May 8, 2026 BEFORE THE WASHINGTON](https://apiproxy.utc.wa.gov/cases/GetDocument?docID=1830&year=2026&docketNumber=260005)
7. [2026-general-rate-case](https://www.pse.com/en/pages/rates/pending-utc-filings/2026-general-rate-case)
8. [Pacific Northwest Forecast Finds New Generating Resource Development Not Keeping Pace with Projected Demand Growth](https://www.publicpower.org/periodical/article/pacific-northwest-forecast-finds-new-generating-resource-development-not-keeping-pace-with-projected)
9. [Puget Sound Energy](https://www.pse.com/en/press-release/details/Facts-about-HB-1589)
10. [2024 Washington Initiative 2066](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Washington_Initiative_2066)
11. [Supreme Court Strikes Down Initiative 2066, Finding Natural Gas Measure Violated Single-Subject Rule](https://www.olympicherald.com/supreme-court-strikes-down-initiative-2066-finding-natural-gas-measure-violated-single-subject-rule/)
12. [King County judge strikes down hotly debated natural gas initiative](https://mynorthwest.com/mynorthwest-politics/natural-gas-initiative/4066216)
13. [Judge overturns Washington natural gas measure approved by voters - Front and Centered](https://frontandcentered.org/media-coverage/judge-overturns-washington-natural-gas-measure/)
14. [Judge overturns Washington natural gas measure approved by voters • Washington State Standard](https://washingtonstatestandard.com/2025/03/21/judge-overturns-washington-natural-gas-measure-approved-by-voters/)
15. [Natural gas initiative ruled unconstitutional by Washington state Supreme Court - OPB](https://www.opb.org/article/2026/09/18/washington-state-natural-gas-unconstitutional-ruling/)
16. [Washington Supreme Court rules natural gas initiative is unconstitutional](https://www.king5.com/article/news/politics/state-politics/washington-supreme-court-rules-natural-gas-initiative-unconstitutional/281-30f1c732-91d9-4c8a-8f7c-9fbbd44ac31a)
17. [WA high court tosses natural gas measure approved by voters](https://www.rangemedia.co/wa-high-court-tosses-natural-gas-measure-approved-by-voters/)
18. [Voter-approved natural gas initiative struck down by state supreme court](https://komonews.com/news/politics/washington-state-elections-voter-approved-natural-gas-initiative-struck-down-by-state-supreme-court-business-energy-laws)
19. [Issue 3: To prevent restrictions on natural gas (2024 General Election Voter Guide)](https://washingtonstatestandard.com/ballot-measures/initiative-2066-to-prevent-restrictions-on-natural-gas/)
20. [Explaining Washington's Ballot Initiative 2066](https://www.sightline.org/2024/09/24/explaining-washingtons-ballot-initiative-2066/)
21. [Pse](https://www.pse.com/-/media/Project/PSE/Portal/Rate-documents/EES/ees_2025_annual_conservation_plan.ashx?rev=-1&sc_lang=en)
22. [Washington Heat Pump Rebates 2026: \$1,500–\$5,000 + State HEAR & PSE Programs](https://homeenergybasics.com/heat-pumps/states/wa)
23. [General Election 2024 Initiative Measure No. 2066 Page 1 of 2](https://my.lwv.org/sites/default/files/leagues/wysiwyg/[current-user:og-user-node:1:title]/i-2066_lwvwa_2024_washington_ballot_summary.pdf)
24. [WA Proposition explained: What a Yes or No vote means.](https://ivoterguide.com/ballotmeasure/48/election/1247)
25. [It’s Time to Stop Subsidizing New Gas Pipes](https://www.sightline.org/2023/01/17/its-time-to-stop-subsidizing-new-gas-pipes/)
26. [WATCH: Washington high court nixes voter-approved natural gas protections](https://www.thecentersquare.com/washington/article_828000e3-06af-4d5f-bdf6-f75e25bf2cba.html)
27. [Washington Supreme Court strikes down natural gas Initiative 2066 - Axios Seattle](https://www.axios.com/local/seattle/2026/09/17/washington-supreme-court-strikes-down-natural-gas-initiative-2066)
28. [Could Washington high court’s natural gas ruling unravel income tax law?](https://chronline.com/stories/could-washington-high-courts-natural-gas-ruling-unravel-income-tax-law,409195)
29. [Washington Supreme Court overrides the votes of 2M Washingtonians](https://www.thedailyworld.com/2026/09/29/washington-supreme-court-overrides-the-votes-of-2m-washingtonians/)
30. [State regulators approve multiple orders impacting Puget Sound Energy rates](https://www.utc.wa.gov/news/2025/state-regulators-approve-multiple-orders-impacting-puget-sound-energy-rates)
31. [PSE’s Diversified Electricity Supply: Wind, Hydro, Natural Gas and More](https://www.pse.com/en/pages/energy-supply/electric-supply)
32. [State Energy Profile Data](https://www.eia.gov/state/data.php?sid=WA)
33. [King County Communitywide Consumption-based GHG Emissions Inventory](https://your.kingcounty.gov/dnrp/climate/documents/2022/king-county-consumption-ghg-emissions-inventory-and-wedge-report-09-2022.pdf)
34. [Puget Sound Energy](https://www.pse.com/en/press-release/details/Puget-Sound-Energy-files-two-year-electric-and-natural-gas-rate-plan)
35. [PSE electric, gas rate hikes approved](https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/climate-lab/pse-electric-gas-rate-hikes-approved/)
36. [UTC denies PSE’s reconsideration petition to raise customer rates by \$215 million over two years](https://www.utc.wa.gov/news/2025/utc-denies-pses-reconsideration-petition-raise-customer-rates-215-million-over-two-years)
37. [1025.39 IMPORTANT NOTICE FOR PUGET SOUND ENERGY CUSTOMERS ABOUT CHANGES](https://apiproxy.utc.wa.gov/cases/GetDocument?docID=12&year=2025&docketNumber=250881)
38. [Heat Pump Cost in Seattle, Washington (2026)](https://wattfax.com/heat-pump-cost/washington/seattle)
39. [Snohomish County’s utility district 2026 budget includes rate increases](https://www.heraldnet.com/2025/12/12/snohomish-countys-utility-district-2026-budget-includes-rate-increases/)
40. [Heat Pump vs Electric Furnace in Western Washington](https://www.ecoserviceswa.com/compare/hvac/heat-pump-vs-electric-furnace)
41. [Why City Light Proposed a Rate Increase - Powerlines](https://powerlines.seattle.gov/2026/07/22/why-city-light-is-proposing-a-rate-increase/)
42. [Heat Pump Cost in Seattle, Washington (2026)](https://heatpumppricing.com/cost/seattle-wa/)
43. [How Much Does HVAC Replacement Cost in Seattle, WA?](https://www.angi.com/articles/insider-s-price-guide-new-heating-and-cooling-system/wa/seattle)
44. [How Much Does an Electrical Panel Upgrade Cost in Seattle? (2026)](https://www.ecoserviceswa.com/learn/cost-guides/electrical-panel-upgrade/seattle)
45. [How Much Does It Cost to Convert a Gas Furnace to Electric - Pick Comfort](https://www.pickcomfort.com/how-much-does-it-cost-convert-gas-furnace-electric/)
46. [Mini Split AC in Washington: 2026 Rebates, Costs & Air Quality](https://filterbuy.com/heating-cooling/mini-splits/washington/adding-a-mini-split-ac-system-including-rebates-in-wa/)
47. [Heat Pump Tax Credits & Rebates 2026: What Changed After Section 25C Expired](https://www.hvacbase.org/heat-pump-tax-credits-2026)
48. [Heat Pump Cost in Washington (2026)](https://varsityheating.com/blog/heat-pump-cost-washington/)
49. [How Much Does Heat Pump Installation Cost in Seattle? (2026)](https://www.ecoserviceswa.com/learn/cost-guides/heat-pump-installation/seattle)
50. [Puget Sound Energy seeks \$1.5 billion rate increase](https://www.kuow.org/topics/business/2026-09-28/puget-sound-energy-seeks-1-5b-rate-increase)
51. [Puget Sound Energy’s latest rate increase request would spike energy bills](https://www.biaw.com/news/puget-sound-energys-latest-rate-increase-request-could-add-hundreds-to-energy-bills)
52. [State regulators approve new rates for PSE](https://www.utc.wa.gov/news/2025/state-regulators-approve-new-rates-pse)
53. [Service Date: April 20, 2026 BEFORE THE WASHINGTON](https://apiproxy.utc.wa.gov/cases/GetDocument?docID=1739&year=2026&docketNumber=260005)
54. [Puget Sound Energy](https://www.pse.com/en/account-and-billing/climate-commitment-act)
55. [Climate Commitment Act costs to be itemized on Puget Sound Energy bills](https://www.thecentersquare.com/washington/article_560854f7-1629-479d-ab77-15082ff90e6e.html)
56. [Sept. 10 September Cap-and-Invest auction results announced - Washington State Department of Ecology](https://ecology.wa.gov/about-us/who-we-are/news/2025/sept-10-september-cap-and-invest-auction-results-announced)
57. [Washington’s fourth cap-and-invest auction of the year shows strong demand - Climate 411](https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/2025/12/10/washingtons-fourth-cap-and-invest-auction-of-the-year-shows-strong-demand/)
58. [Cap-and-Invest (Washington state)](<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap-and-Invest_(Washington_state)>)
59. [Publication No. 26-14-003 March 2026 STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF ECOLOGY](https://apps.ecology.wa.gov/publications/documents/2614003.pdf)
60. [Publication No. 26-14-039 STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF ECOLOGY](https://apps.ecology.wa.gov/publications/documents/2614039.pdf)
61. [Washington’s latest cap-and-invest auction shows growing confidence as linkage processes move forward - Climate 411](https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/2026/06/10/washingtons-latest-cap-and-invest-auction-shows-growing-confidence-as-linkage-processes-move-forward/)
62. [Washington Cap-and-Invest sees lowest prices in years following linkage agreement with California and Québec - Climate 411](https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/2026/09/09/washington-cap-and-invest-sees-lowest-prices-in-years-following-linkage-agreement-with-california-and-quebec/)
63. [Publication No. 26-14-040 STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF ECOLOGY](https://apps.ecology.wa.gov/publications/documents/2614040.pdf)
64. [Climate Commitment Act costs to be itemized on Puget Sound Energy bills](https://www.aol.com/articles/climate-commitment-act-costs-itemized-001500861.html)
65. <https://seattle.gov/documents/Departments/CityLight/Communications/FingertipFacts.pdf>
66. [2025 Year in Review: Building a Stronger Future Together - Powerlines](https://powerlines.seattle.gov/2025/12/23/2025-year-in-review-building-a-stronger-future-together/)
67. [Find Posts By Topic](https://powerlines.seattle.gov/tag/rates/)
68. [Find Posts By Topic](https://powerlines.seattle.gov/2025/12/04/city-light-outlines-2026-rate-increases)
69. [Washington Electricity Rates Are Rising (2023–2026)](https://www.a-rsolar.com/company-news-projects-updates/washington-electricity-rates/)
70. [Seattle City Light rate increases in effect in 2026](https://www.fox13seattle.com/news/seattle-city-light-rate-increases)
71. [KUOW - Utility rates slated to steadily rise in Seattle, starting in 2025](https://m.kuow.org/stories/utility-rates-slated-to-steadily-rise-in-seattle-starting-in-2025)
72. [Find Posts By Topic](https://powerlines.seattle.gov/?p=9229)
73. [2025 12CommunityConnections](https://seattle.gov/documents/Departments/CityLight/Communications/2025-12CommunityConnections.pdf)
74. [Meeting Seattle’s Electricity Needs While Delivering on Affordability - Office of the Mayor](https://wilson.seattle.gov/2026/07/17/meeting-seattles-electricity-needs-while-delivering-on-affordability/)
75. [Seattle City Light customers will see rate shock in future electric bills](https://www.thecentersquare.com/washington/article_1eb10014-cee1-4ffd-8968-1b0ba75cb697.html)
76. [Seattle blames inflation, repairs, weather, growing demand for 9.5% City Light rate hike](https://komonews.com/news/local/seattle-blames-inflation-repairs-weather-growing-demand-for-95-city-light-rate-hike-electricity-family-economy-bills-budget-taxes-climate-change-winter-summer-infrastructure)
77. [Quick Facts - Snohomish County PUD](https://www.snopud.com/about/quick-facts/)
78. [Clean energy - Snohomish County PUD](https://www.snopud.com/community-environment/clean-energy/)
79. [Washington Utility Rate Increases Coming in 2026 - Northwest Electric & Solar](https://nwsolar.com/blog/washington-utility-rate-increases-coming-in-2026/)
80. [Rates & Fees - Snohomish County PUD](https://www.snopud.com/account/about-my-bill/rates/)
81. [Snohomish PUD customers to see higher electricity bills as rate hikes take effect](https://www.fox13seattle.com/news/snohomish-pud-rate-hikes)
82. [Snohomish PUD will charge around \$4 more per month for most single-family homes](https://www.kiro7.com/news/local/snohomish-pud-will-charge-around-4-more-per-month-most-single-family-homes/WMDA7CPMIVECPEVXOOBX3C3D2M/)
83. [SnoPUD approves rate increase representing \$32.9M in additional revenue - Lynnwood Times](https://lynnwoodtimes.com/2025/02/03/pud-rate-increase-1/)
84. [Seattle City Light Outlines 2026 Rate Increases Set to Begin January 1 - northwestnews](https://northwestnews.com/seattle-city-light-outlines-2026-rate-increases-set-to-begin-january-1/)
85. [B O N N E V I L L E P O W E R A D M I N I S T R A T I O N](https://proceedings.bpa.gov/Home/OpenDoc?fileId=8122)
86. [20250724-final-rod-bp-26-rate-case-published-ex-parte-concluded - Bonneville Power Administration](https://www.bpa.gov/energy-and-services/transmission/notices/20250724-final-rod-bp-26-rate-case-published-ex-parte-concluded)
87. [PRDM-26-A-02\_PRDM Final ROD](https://proceedings.bpa.gov/Home/OpenDoc?fileId=8117)
88. [PR 13-25 BONNEVILLE POWER ADMINISTRATION](https://www.bpa.gov/-/media/Aep/about/publications/news-releases/20250724-pr-13-25-bpa-raises-rates-to-address-customer-load-growth.pdf)
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90. [Bonneville Power Administration Contract High Water Mark Implementation Policy](https://bpa.gov/-/media/Aep/power/provider-of-choice/chwm-implementation-policy-20250814.pdf)
91. [PNUCC Annual Forecast: ‘Timing’ and ‘Magnitude’ of Resource Development Not Keeping Pace With Demand](https://www.newsdata.com/clearing_up/supply_and_demand/pnucc-annual-forecast-timing-and-magnitude-of-resource-development-not-keeping-pace-with-demand/article_57154af4-3095-4747-af19-f05e8ec2bf25.html)
92. [Oregon Department of ENERGY Data Centers and Energy, Overview and Trends](https://www.oregon.gov/energy/get-involved/Documents/01-Edith-Bayer-ODOE-DCAC-05-29-2026.pdf)
93. [Expert panel addresses data center energy efficiency, load flexibility, and water impacts in Pacific Northwest](https://www.nwcouncil.org/news/2026/01/27/pacific-northwest-data-centers-energy-efficiency-water-impact-load-flexibility/)
94. [PSE asks customers to conserve amid cold snap, gas storage facility outage](https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/pse-asks-customers-to-conserve-amid-cold-snap-gas-storage-facility-outage/)
95. [PSE hit record demands for gas, electricity during winter storm](https://www.cascadiadaily.com/2024/jan/23/pse-hit-record-demands-for-gas-electricity-during-winter-storm/)
96. [Analysis of the January 2024 Winter Weather Event](https://powerex.com/sites/default/files/2024-03/Analysis%20of%20the%20January%202024%20Winter%20Weather%20Event.pdf)
97. [Service Date: July 16, 2026 BEFORE THE WASHINGTON](https://apiproxy.utc.wa.gov/cases/GetDocument?docID=1994&year=2026&docketNumber=260005)
98. [List of power stations in Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Washington)
99. [Washington Electric Utility 2023 Fuel Mix Disclosure Report](https://www.commerce.wa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/CY2022-Energy-Washington-State-Electric-Utility-Fuel-Mix-Disclosure-Report.pdf)
100. [I-2066 update: Washington Supreme Court blocks voter-backed 'energy choice' initiative](https://www.koin.com/news/washington/taken-that-choice-away-washington-supreme-court-blocks-voter-backed-energy-choice-initiative/)
101. [20250724-bpa-customers-settle-strategic-rate-increases-to-meet-customer-load-growth-connect-new-gen - Bonneville Power Administration](https://www.bpa.gov/about/newsroom/news-articles/20250724-bpa-customers-settle-strategic-rate-increases-to-meet-customer-load-grow)
102. [DC Heat Pump Rebates 2026: What's Left After the Federal ITC Sunset](https://cityrenewables.com/blog/dc-heat-pump-rebates-2026-whats-left-after-the-federal-itc-sunset)